事實(shí)上,植物只是在受傷狀態(tài)下“被動(dòng)”接受了細(xì)菌的侵襲并形成了腫瘤,但他們并沒有放棄抵抗,相反,他們還對(duì)冠癭瘤采取了多種監(jiān)視手段,如轉(zhuǎn)錄后基因沉默(植物在外源基因侵入時(shí),會(huì)發(fā)展出一種策略:產(chǎn)生si RNA和 mi RNA來降解外源基因轉(zhuǎn)錄后的形成的RNA);超敏反應(yīng)(植物在受到細(xì)菌感染時(shí),會(huì)在受感染的部位產(chǎn)生局部的細(xì)胞死亡,病菌因此無法擴(kuò)散)等等。其中,在轉(zhuǎn)基因植物興起之初,植物“轉(zhuǎn)錄后基因沉默”的機(jī)制就給外源基因的表達(dá)造成了極大的麻煩,由此可見,這種轉(zhuǎn)基因是多么的不“自然”,多么
舉例來說,在用轉(zhuǎn)基因治療X染色體連鎖重度聯(lián)合免疫缺陷?。╔-linked severe combined immunodeficiency)的病人時(shí),科學(xué)家將病人自身缺乏的基因轉(zhuǎn)入他們的DNA中,其結(jié)果是,對(duì)其癥狀有效,但其中三個(gè)男孩卻引發(fā)了白血病。據(jù)分析,是由于轉(zhuǎn)入的增強(qiáng)子刺激了一個(gè)附近的“啟動(dòng)子”,結(jié)果打開和驅(qū)動(dòng)了一個(gè)產(chǎn)生生長(zhǎng)調(diào)節(jié)子(LMO2)的基因,使其表達(dá)程度高了一千倍,致使T細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)失控而導(dǎo)致了白血病【1】。
【3】 A. Pusztai and S. Bardocz, “GMO in animal nutrition: potential benefits and risks,” Chapter 17, Biology of Nutrition in Growing Animals, R.Mosenthin, J.Zentek and T. Zebrowska (Eds.) Elsevier, October 2005
【4】 A. Kohli, S. Griffiths, N. Palacios, R.M. Twyman, P. Vain, D.A. Laurie, and P. Christou, “Molecular characterization of transforming plasmid rearrangements in transgenic rice reveals a recombination hotspot in the CaMV 35S promoter and confirms the predominance of microhomology mediated recombination,” Plant J 17 (1999): 591-601
【5】 S. P. Kumpatla and T.C. Hall, “Organizational complexity of a rice transgenic locus susceptible to methylation-based silencing. IUBMB Life 48 (1999): 459-467
【6】 C. Collonier, G. Berthier, F. Boyer, M.N. Duplan, S. Fernandez, N. Kebdani, A. Kobilinsky, M. Romanuk, Y. Bertheau, “Characterization of commercial GMO inserts: a source of useful material to study genome fluidity,” poster courtesy of Pr. Gilles-Eric Seralini, President du Conseil Scientifique du CRII-GEN, www.crii-gen.org
【7】 Mae-Wan Ho, “Transgenic Lines Proven Unstable,” Institute for Science in Society, http://www.isis.org.uk/TLPU.php; For further discussion, see Ho et al, “CaMV 35S promoter fragmentation hotspot confirmed, and it is active in animals,” Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 2000:13, http://www.i-
sis.org.uk/mehd3.php
【8】 Joseph Cummins, “Eating Cauliflower Mosaic Virus infected vegetables does not prove that that Cauliflower Mosaic Virus Promoter in genetically modified crops is safe,” ISIS Press Release, February 18, 2001, http://www.i-sis.org.uk/eatingcamv-pr.php
【9】 O. P. Rekvig, et al, “Antibodies to eukaryotic, including autologous, native DNA are produced during BK virus infection, but not after immunization with non-infectious BK DNA,” Scand. J. Immunol. 36(1992): 487-95
【10】 Terje Traavik presented findings by the Norwegian Institute for Gene Ecology to delegates of the UN Cartagena Protocol for Biosafety, in advance of their February 2004 meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. See Jeffrey M. Smith, “GM Food Promoter Transfers to Rat Cells,” Press release and backgrounder, Feb 24, 2004, http://www.seedsofdeception.com/Public/AboutGeneticallyModifiedFoods/
GMFoodPromoterTransferstoRatCells/index.cfm
【11】Windels P, et al. “Characterisation of the Roundup Ready soybean insert,”Eur.Food Res. Technol. 213 (2001):107-112
【12】 Rang A, et al, “Detection of RNA variants transcribed from the transgene in Roundup Ready soybean” Eur Food Res Technol (2005) 220:438–443
【13】Windels P, et al. “Characterisation of the Roundup Ready soybean insert.” Eur Food Res Technol (2001) 213:107–112
【14】 Jack Heinemann et al, Submission on Application A549 Food Derived from High Lysine Corn LY038
【15】 G. Meister and T. Tuschl, “Mechanisms of gene silencing by double-stranded RNA,” Nature 431(2004): 343-349; and C. Mello, C.C. and D. Conte, Jr., “Revealing the world of RNA interference,” Nature 432 (2004): 338-342
【16】Lin Zhang, Chen-Yu Zhang et.al., Exogenous plant MIR168a specifically targets mammalian LDLRAP1: evidence of cross-kingdom regulation by microRNA Cell Research , (20 September 2011) | doi:10.1038/cr.2011.158