習(xí)近平時(shí)代的主題將是“超越和復(fù)興”
“726”講話提出一個(gè)重大論斷——十八大以來(lái)，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義進(jìn)入新的發(fā)展階段。“新發(fā)展階段”新在哪里，要從整個(gè)新中國(guó)歷史來(lái)理解。
新中國(guó)第一個(gè)時(shí)代是毛澤東為代表的中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人開(kāi)創(chuàng)的，主題是“建國(guó)、創(chuàng)業(yè)”，中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)了政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和思想獨(dú)立，人民空前團(tuán)結(jié)，為改革開(kāi)放打下厚實(shí)的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。
第二個(gè)時(shí)代是鄧小平為代表的中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人開(kāi)創(chuàng)的，主題是“改革、開(kāi)放”，幾十年走完西方幾百年的路，社會(huì)主義和市場(chǎng)、社會(huì)主義中國(guó)和資本主義全球體系實(shí)現(xiàn)了融合，創(chuàng)造了罕見(jiàn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)奇跡。
十八大以來(lái)，以習(xí)近平同志為核心的黨中央，正在開(kāi)辟新中國(guó)的第三個(gè)時(shí)代，主題可以說(shuō)是“超越、復(fù)興”。金融危機(jī)宣告了西方發(fā)展模式遭遇挫折，改革開(kāi)放也積累了不少矛盾，不能蕭規(guī)曹隨，而需要開(kāi)創(chuàng)性的魄力才能解決，“新的偉大斗爭(zhēng)”正是在這一背景下展開(kāi)的。本屆黨中央“雖曰守成、實(shí)同開(kāi)創(chuàng)”，新的時(shí)代具有同前兩個(gè)時(shí)代不同的鮮明特點(diǎn)。具體地說(shuō)，從現(xiàn)在到本世紀(jì)中葉，中國(guó)發(fā)展的主題將是“超越和復(fù)興”。
其中，“超越”首先是指對(duì)改革開(kāi)放前后兩個(gè)時(shí)期的超越。改革開(kāi)放前后兩個(gè)時(shí)期不能相互否定，這是習(xí)近平做出的重大政治理論判斷，也是開(kāi)辟新階段的歷史依據(jù)。新階段不是簡(jiǎn)單地深化改革，也不是簡(jiǎn)單地回歸毛澤東時(shí)代，而是既深化改革、擴(kuò)大開(kāi)放，同時(shí)發(fā)揮社會(huì)主義制度優(yōu)勢(shì)，加強(qiáng)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、改善社會(huì)公平、治理市場(chǎng)失靈，整合兩個(gè)時(shí)代、超越兩個(gè)時(shí)代，通過(guò)哲學(xué)上“正-反-合”的過(guò)程，實(shí)現(xiàn)新的上升和飛躍。從這一意義上可以說(shuō)，中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義“始于毛、成于鄧、興于習(xí)”。
“超越”第二方面的含義是對(duì)西方道路的超越。西方主流的現(xiàn)代化道路，實(shí)現(xiàn)了少數(shù)國(guó)家(約10億人)興旺發(fā)達(dá)，卻沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)人類共同發(fā)展;實(shí)現(xiàn)了物質(zhì)極大豐富，但沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)公平、協(xié)調(diào)、綠色、共享，仍然周期性陷入危機(jī)，也不足為世界所借鑒。中國(guó)成為發(fā)展最快、最好的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，源于中國(guó)堅(jiān)持了不同于西方的獨(dú)特道路。習(xí)近平自信宣布中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義拓展了發(fā)展中國(guó)家走向現(xiàn)代化的途徑，這是對(duì)世界三分之二以上人口提供的公共產(chǎn)品。未來(lái)三十年，中國(guó)還將繼續(xù)探索和完善這條道路。
“復(fù)興”第一方面含義是中華民族的偉大復(fù)興。中國(guó)發(fā)展的目標(biāo)已經(jīng)從“站起來(lái)”、“富起來(lái)”轉(zhuǎn)向“強(qiáng)起來(lái)”，滿足人的全面發(fā)展和社會(huì)全面進(jìn)步的需求，這也都需要理論和實(shí)踐創(chuàng)新，特別是扭轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)度依賴經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展方式。七二六講話表明，十九大將回答實(shí)現(xiàn)第一個(gè)百年目標(biāo)之后，2020年- 2049年這一時(shí)代中國(guó)舉什么旗、走什么路，如何實(shí)現(xiàn)建設(shè)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家的目標(biāo)。十九大將統(tǒng)領(lǐng)未來(lái)的二三十年。
“復(fù)興”第二方面的含義是全球社會(huì)主義的偉大復(fù)興。全球金融危機(jī)本質(zhì)是資本主義危機(jī)，金融危機(jī)之后，全球開(kāi)始重新重視馬克思主義，思考社會(huì)主義的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。社會(huì)主義不僅是一種思潮和意識(shí)形態(tài)，也是解決現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題的工具。中國(guó)之所以有令其他國(guó)家羨慕的決策靈活、發(fā)展迅速、社會(huì)穩(wěn)定、人民團(tuán)結(jié)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，從根本上說(shuō)是由于堅(jiān)持了社會(huì)主義制度。當(dāng)前，全球面臨的經(jīng)濟(jì)失衡、生態(tài)危機(jī)、兩極分化等問(wèn)題，只有靠增加政策中的社會(huì)主義因素才能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)。習(xí)近平高度強(qiáng)調(diào)“四個(gè)自信”，這是對(duì)二十一世紀(jì)社會(huì)主義發(fā)展方向的展望。社會(huì)主義的目標(biāo)和中華民族偉大復(fù)興的目標(biāo)是統(tǒng)一的。中華民族的偉大復(fù)興，將是21世紀(jì)社會(huì)主義復(fù)興道路上最有力的引領(lǐng)力量。
China's development path a success
In his keynote address to a high-level meeting on July 26, Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, said socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new development stage after the 18th National Congress of the CPC.
This major conclusion is based on the history of the People's Republic of China. The first stage of the PRC started with its founding in 1949, when China achieved political and economic independence. The second stage began when the reform and opening-up policy was implemented in 1978, which led to China's unprecedented economic growth and the development of market economy under socialism.
After the 18th Party Congress in 2012, the Party leadership with Xi as the core started the third stage of China's development.
But while it is true that the 2008 global financial crisis exposed the flaws in the Western development mode, China, too, faces certain social challenges, and creative measures are needed to overcome them.
It is against this background that the Party leadership, thanks to its hard work, has made tremendous progresses in the third stage. From 2012, a new stage, different from the first two stages, has been developing. And China is committed to completing this stage by the middle of this century.
Two key words, "transcending" and "rejuvenation" best describe this new era. "Transcending" here means, transcending the two preceding stages. Xi has made a major conclusion - that the two previous stages could not negate each other. The new stage will help deepen reform and opening-up under the socialist system. It will also strengthen the Party's leadership, enhance social fairness, ensure the success of market economy and enrich the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
"Transcending" also means transcending the Western mode of development, which helped only a small number of countries with a cumulative population of about 1 billion to lead comfortable lives but failed to realize common prosperity. More importantly, the Western development mode failed to realize fair, coordinated, environmentally friendly and shared development. As a result, it has to face many crises.
China has followed its own path of economic development and become the largest and fastest-growing developing country. As Xi said, socialism with Chinese characteristics has widened the path of modernization for developing countries, which is a public good that can help two-thirds of the world's population achieve progress. And China will continue to provide such public goods.
"Rejuvenation" means the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. The goal of China's development has transcended from "standing up" and "getting rich" to "getting stronger" to help meet the needs of overall human development and social progress. But that requires innovations both in theory and practice, especially in terms of freeing China of its overreliance on economic growth for overall development.
Xi's keynote speech shows the 19th Party Congress will provide not only guidance in the coming decades but also detailed answers on how to realize the objective of building a modern socialist country.
"Rejuvenation" also means the rejuvenation of global socialism. Since capitalism has been crippled by 2008 global financial crisis, the entire world is trying anew to understand the real meaning of socialism and Marxism, not only as an ideology but also as a means to solving the existing problems. It is the socialist system that has helped China gain advantage over other countries in terms of efficient governance, fast development, social stability and unity.
To correct the economic imbalances, resolve the environmental crisis and narrow the widening wealth gaps, countries across the world need to make their policies more "socialistic". The ultimate goal of socialism is in accordance with the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, which will be a powerful guiding force for the success of socialism in the 21st century.
The author is an associate researcher in macroeconomics at the Development Research Center of the State Council.
(China Daily USA 08/22/2017 page12)