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Food for Thought: Genetically modified nourishment

對食物的考慮：轉(zhuǎn)基因的營養(yǎng)物

The Jose B. Martin Conference Center, Harvard Medical School.

哈佛醫(yī)學(xué)院喬斯·B·馬丁中心

Tuesday, April 12, 2011

2011年4月12日
轉(zhuǎn)載自：http://hms.harvard.edu/public/longwood/041211_longwood_packet.pdf

翻譯與轉(zhuǎn)載：陳一文（[email protected]）

（80年代兩屆全國青聯(lián)委員）

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Four questions about Genetically Modified Foods

關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的四個問題

1. How does the U.S. differ from other countries regarding the use of genetically modified (GM) foods?

1、美國在關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)基因食品使用問題上與其他國家有何區(qū)別？

Many other countries have been cautious about allowing genetically modified organisms (GMOs) into the food supply and require them to be labeled. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, however, does not require that food from genetically modified animals or plants be labeled as such, despite studies showing that 89% of Americans are in favor of labeling GMOcontaining foods.

許多國家對于允許轉(zhuǎn)基因生物體進(jìn)入食品供應(yīng)較為謹(jǐn)慎并要求標(biāo)識它們。盡管民意調(diào)查表明89%的美國人希望轉(zhuǎn)基因食品標(biāo)識，美國食品與藥物管理署不要求對來自轉(zhuǎn)基因動物或植物的食物進(jìn)行標(biāo)識。

2. Do GMOs Increase Crop Yields?

2、轉(zhuǎn)基因生物體是否增加農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量？

Many GMOs were created with the intent of growing more food per acre. But a recent review by the Union of Concerned Scientists concluded that "after more than 20 years of research and 13 years of commercialization in the United States ... genetic engineering has done little to increase overall crop yield." Instead, the report says, traditional plant breeding and other improvements in farming have proven far more effective.

許多轉(zhuǎn)基因生物體被創(chuàng)造時有增加每英畝食物產(chǎn)量的打算。但是，有“有所擔(dān)心科學(xué)家聯(lián)盟”最近進(jìn)行的一項審查結(jié)論，“在美國經(jīng)過了20年研究與13年商業(yè)化種植后，……轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)τ谠黾愚r(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量做的很少?！迸c此相反，該報告說，傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)作物培育以及農(nóng)耕其他改進(jìn)被證實為有效的多。

GMOs may even put crops at risk for greater catastrophic failure. They encourage monocropping, the practice of growing the same crop year after year on the same land, without rotating other crops through. This reduces biodiversity, which can leave crops more vulnerable to particular pests and diseases. This occurred with genetically modified corn in Africa and cotton in India. Traditional farming practices promote biodiversity, which strengthens the overall crop.

轉(zhuǎn)基因可能使農(nóng)作物在在災(zāi)害性氣候條件下更大風(fēng)險。轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)業(yè)鼓勵單一農(nóng)作物種植，即同一地塊上年復(fù)一年種植相同的農(nóng)作物，不進(jìn)行與其他農(nóng)作物的輪作。這減少了生物多樣性，使農(nóng)作物對某些昆蟲與疾病更加脆弱抵抗性差。在非洲種植轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米與印度種植轉(zhuǎn)基因棉花都發(fā)生了這種情況。傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)耕作業(yè)促進(jìn)生物多樣性，它反過來強化整個農(nóng)作物狀況。

3. Are GMOs Better for the Environment?

3、轉(zhuǎn)基因生物體是否對環(huán)境更好？

GMOs were originally expected to need fewer chemicals to grow. But a recent report from The Organic Center showed that GMO crops actually have increased herbicide and pesticide use. In fact, "an additional 318 million pounds of pesticides were applied due to the planting of Genetically Engineered crops from 1996 to 2008." According to the data, GMOs are actually worse when it comes to releasing chemicals into our environment.

轉(zhuǎn)基因生物體原本期望種植中可以用更少的化學(xué)品。但是，“有機中心”最近的一個報告表明，轉(zhuǎn)基因作物種植實際上增加了除草劑與殺蟲劑使用量。事實上，“從1996年到2008年，轉(zhuǎn)基因農(nóng)作物種植導(dǎo)致增加使用了3.18億磅殺蟲劑?！备鶕?jù)有關(guān)統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)，在釋放化學(xué)品進(jìn)入我們的環(huán)境方面，轉(zhuǎn)基因作物實際上（比非轉(zhuǎn)基因傳統(tǒng)作物）更差。

It is also difficult to predict the effect of these newly introduced genes from GMOs on the larger environment. Pollination from neighboring crops makes it difficult, if not impossible, to keep non-GMO crops free from contamination.

轉(zhuǎn)基因引入的這些新的基因?qū)Ω蟓h(huán)境的影響難于預(yù)測。鄰近作物花粉使非轉(zhuǎn)基因作物免受污染很困難，如果不是不可能的話。

The modified DNA can also be transferred through organisms in the soil. A recent Canadian study found bioengineered genes present in many bacteria and organisms living in fields planted with genetically engineered corn. While the long term effects of this are unknown, there is concern that we may be unintentionally transferring DNA to other species.

轉(zhuǎn)基因的DNA亦可以通過土壤中生物進(jìn)行遷移。簡單最近的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，種植轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米農(nóng)田中的許多細(xì)菌和生物存在著轉(zhuǎn)基因的基因。這種情況的長期影響目前不清，令人擔(dān)心我們可能非故意地將轉(zhuǎn)基因遷移到其他物種。

4. Are They Safe To Eat?

4、食用轉(zhuǎn)基因食品是否安全？

The biotechnology industry points to over a decade of humans eating GMOs with no direct link to negative health effects. But opponents cite mounting evidence against GMOs along with the fact that there is no well-designed, long-term safety testing. This is what is needed to truly ensure safety.

生物技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)十多年來一直強調(diào)，人類食用轉(zhuǎn)基因食物與負(fù)面健康影響之間沒有直接聯(lián)系。但是反對者們引證對轉(zhuǎn)基因不利的大量證據(jù)，而且這些證據(jù)是在至今還沒有良好設(shè)計的長期安全試驗研究的情況下提出來的。為確保安全，這樣的良好設(shè)計的長期安全試驗研究非常需要。

A recent study published in the International Journal of Biological Sciences highlights this concern. The authors concluded that consumption of GMO corn by rats was associated with increased organ failure. They found "a clear negative impact" on the kidneys and livers of rats that consumed geneticallymodified corn for just 90 days.

國際生物科學(xué)雜志（International Journal of Biological Sciences）最近發(fā)表的一項研究突出強調(diào)了這方面的擔(dān)心。該項研究論文的作者們獲得結(jié)論，老鼠食用轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米與增加了的器官受損失效有聯(lián)系。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，老鼠喂食轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米僅90天對它們的腎臟與肝臟產(chǎn)生了“清晰的負(fù)面影響”。

The American Academy of Environmental Medicine (AAEM) has also taken an aggressive position against genetically modified foods. It states that they "pose a serious health risk in the areas of toxicology, allergy and immune function, reproductive health, and metabolic, physiologic and genetic health and are without benefit." The AAEM recommends that people avoid genetically modified foods, that they are labeled, and that studies are done to establish their longterm safety.

美國環(huán)境醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院（American Academy of Environmental Medicine -- AAEM）對轉(zhuǎn)基因食物也采取了堅決反對的立場。他們聲明，轉(zhuǎn)基因“在毒理學(xué)、過敏預(yù)計免疫功能、生育健康、新陳代謝、生理與基因健康這些方面導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重健康風(fēng)險，而沒有任何益處?！?/STRONG> 美國環(huán)境醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院推薦人民避免轉(zhuǎn)基因食品，要求對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品標(biāo)識，同時進(jìn)行確認(rèn)轉(zhuǎn)基因長期安全性的研究。

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0102duij.html

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