陳一文譯：人類不需要而且應(yīng)全面禁止轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的十個(gè)理由

1、轉(zhuǎn)基因食品不能解決食物危機(jī)；2、轉(zhuǎn)基因作物并不增加潛在產(chǎn)量；3、轉(zhuǎn)基因作物增加了農(nóng)藥使用；4、有向世界提供足夠糧食的更好方法；5、其他的種植技術(shù)更為成功；6、轉(zhuǎn)基因食品未能夠表明食用安全；7、轉(zhuǎn)基因生物悄悄進(jìn)入動(dòng)物飼料 – 不取得消費(fèi)者絲毫同意；8、轉(zhuǎn)基因作物對(duì)農(nóng)民造成了長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)濟(jì)災(zāi)難；9、轉(zhuǎn)基因作物與非轉(zhuǎn)基因作物無(wú)法共處；10、我們無(wú)法信任轉(zhuǎn)基因公司。

 

GM Watch: 10 reasons why we don’t need GM foods

《歐洲轉(zhuǎn)基因觀察》網(wǎng)站 2010年9月13日發(fā)布:

Posted by Europe GM Watch website: http://www.gmwatch.org

Pdf文件下載鏈接：

Link to download original pdf file:

http://www.gmwatch.eu/10-reasons-why-we-dont-need-gm-foods

陳一文譯（[email protected]）

Translated by Chen I-wan （[email protected]）

《新浪網(wǎng)》“陳一文顧問(wèn)博客”全文發(fā)表譯文：

 Posted at “Advisor Chen I-wan Blog”:

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0100ni08.html

 

With the cost of food recently skyrocketing – hitting not just shoppers but the poor and hungry in the developing world – genetically modified (GM) foods are once again being promoted as the way to feed the world. But this is little short of a confidence trick. Far from needing more GM foods, there are urgent reasons why we need to ban them altogether.

在食品價(jià)格近來(lái)猛漲情況下—不僅打擊商店顧客，而且同時(shí)打擊發(fā)展中國(guó)家窮苦饑餓的人，并且再次推銷轉(zhuǎn)基因食品為世界糧食問(wèn)題的解決方案。但是，這近乎欺詐。與需要更多轉(zhuǎn)基因食品相反，有一系列理由為什么我們需要全面禁止轉(zhuǎn)基因食品。

 

1. GM foods won’t solve the food crisis

1、轉(zhuǎn)基因食品不能解決食物危機(jī)

 

A 2008 World Bank report concluded that increased biofuel production is the major cause of the increase in food prices.[1] GM giant Monsanto has been at the heart of the lobbying for biofuels (crops grown for fuel rather than food) — while profiting enormously from the resulting food crisis and using it as a PR opportunity to promote GM foods!

世界銀行2008年的一項(xiàng)報(bào)告結(jié)論：生物燃料生產(chǎn)增加是食物加工增長(zhǎng)的主要原因。[1] 轉(zhuǎn)基因巨人孟山都是為生物燃料游說(shuō)的核心（為燃料而不是為食物種植的農(nóng)作物）--他們從他們自己導(dǎo)致的食物危機(jī)獲得暴利，并同時(shí)利用食物危機(jī)作為推銷轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的公共關(guān)系機(jī)會(huì)！

 

 “The climate crisis was used to boost biofuels, helping to create the food crisis; and now the food crisis is being used to revive the fortunes of the GM industry.” — Daniel Howden, Africa correspondent of The Independent[2]

獨(dú)立報(bào)駐非洲記者丹尼爾·豪頓強(qiáng)調(diào)，“氣候變化危機(jī)被用來(lái)推進(jìn)生物燃料，這幫助制造食物危機(jī)；已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)的食物危機(jī)又被他們用來(lái)復(fù)蘇轉(zhuǎn)基因行業(yè)的獲利機(jī)會(huì)?！?[2]

 

“The cynic in me thinks that they’re just using the current food crisis and the fuel crisis as a springboard to push GM crops back on to the public agenda. I understand why they’re doing it, but the danger is that if they’re making these claims about GM crops solving the problem of drought or feeding the world, that’s bullshit.” [3] – Prof Denis Murphy, head of biotechnology, University of Glamorgan in Wales

英國(guó)威爾士格拉摩根大學(xué)生物技術(shù)負(fù)責(zé)人丹尼斯·墨菲教授強(qiáng)調(diào)，“我內(nèi)心的憤世嫉俗看法認(rèn)為，他們只是將當(dāng)前的糧食危機(jī)和能源危機(jī)作為一個(gè)跳板，把轉(zhuǎn)基因作物再次推到公眾議程上。我理解他們?yōu)槭裁催@樣做，但是他們宣稱轉(zhuǎn)基因作物能夠解決干旱問(wèn)題或世界糧食問(wèn)題的解決方案，這是胡說(shuō)?！?[3]

 

2. GM crops do not increase yield potential

2、轉(zhuǎn)基因作物并不增加潛在產(chǎn)量

 

Despite the promises, GM has not increased the yield potential of any commercialised crops.[4] In fact, studies show that the most widely grown GM crop, GM soya, has suffered reduced yields.[5]

盡管做出保證，轉(zhuǎn)基因作物并沒(méi)有提高任何商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的潛在產(chǎn)量。[4] 事實(shí)上，研究表明，最為廣泛種植的轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆，遭受了減產(chǎn)。[5]

 

A report that analyzed nearly two decades worth of peer reviewed research on the yield of the primary GM food/feed crops, soybeans and corn (maize), reveals that despite 20 years of research and 13 years of commercialization, genetic engineering has failed to significantly increase US crop yields. The author, former US EPA and US FDA biotech specialist Dr Gurian-Sherman, concludes that when it comes to yield, “Traditional breeding outperforms genetic engineering hands down.”[6]

對(duì)主要轉(zhuǎn)基因食品/飼料作物大豆和玉米的產(chǎn)量進(jìn)行了近二十年分析的一項(xiàng)經(jīng)過(guò)同行審查的研究報(bào)告揭示，盡管進(jìn)行了20年的研究以及13年的商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)，基因工程在顯著提高美國(guó)農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量方面遭到了失敗。該篇報(bào)告的作者，美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署（EPA）與美國(guó)食物與藥品管理署（FDA）前生物技術(shù)專家古里安·謝爾曼博士結(jié)論，涉及到產(chǎn)量問(wèn)題時(shí)，“傳統(tǒng)種植顯然勝過(guò)基因工程?！盵6]

 

“Let’s be clear. As of this year [2008], there are no commercialized GM crops that inherently increase yield. Similarly, there are no GM crops on the market that were engineered to resist drought, reduce fertilizer pollution or save soil. Not one.” – Dr Doug Gurian-Sherman[7]

古里安·謝爾曼博士強(qiáng)調(diào)，“我們必須清楚。到今年（2008）為止，沒(méi)有任何商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物實(shí)質(zhì)上提高了產(chǎn)量。與此類似，目前已經(jīng)上市的轉(zhuǎn)基因作物中，當(dāng)初基因工程設(shè)計(jì)來(lái)抗旱、減少肥料污染或保護(hù)土壤的所有轉(zhuǎn)基因作物中，沒(méi)有任何一個(gè)實(shí)現(xiàn)了這樣的目標(biāo)。沒(méi)有一個(gè)。”[7]

 

3. GM crops increase pesticide use

3、轉(zhuǎn)基因作物增加了農(nóng)藥使用

 

US government data shows that in the US, GM crops have produced an overall increase, not decrease, in pesticide use compared to conventional crops.[8]

“The promise was that you could use less chemicals and produce a greater yield. But let me tell you none of this is true.” – Bill Christison, President of the US National Family Farm Coalition[9]

美國(guó)政府?dāng)?shù)據(jù)表明，在美國(guó)，與傳統(tǒng)（非轉(zhuǎn)基因）作物相比，轉(zhuǎn)基因作物造成了農(nóng)藥使用增加，而不是減少。[8] 美國(guó)國(guó)家家庭農(nóng)場(chǎng)聯(lián)盟主席比爾·克里斯梯森強(qiáng)調(diào)，“（轉(zhuǎn)基因公司）當(dāng)初保證你們能夠使用更少的化學(xué)品生產(chǎn)更高的產(chǎn)量。但是，讓我告訴你們，這沒(méi)有任何一點(diǎn)真實(shí)?！盵9]

 

4. There are better ways to feed the world

4、有向世界提供足夠糧食的更好方法

 

A major UN/World Bank-sponsored report compiled by 400 scientists and endorsed by 58 countries concluded that GM crops have little to offer global agriculture and the challenges of poverty, hunger, and climate change, because better alternatives are available. In particular, the report championed “agroecological” farming as the sustainable way forward for developing countries.[10]

由聯(lián)合國(guó)/世界銀行贊助的一項(xiàng)重要報(bào)告，由400位科學(xué)家完成并獲得58個(gè)國(guó)家贊同，結(jié)論：對(duì)于全球農(nóng)業(yè)以及貧困、饑餓，與氣候變化提出的挑戰(zhàn)方面，轉(zhuǎn)基因作物沒(méi)有什么可以貢獻(xiàn)的，因?yàn)橛衅渌蛇x擇的方法。該報(bào)告尤其擁護(hù)“農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)”種植，將它作為發(fā)展中國(guó)家可持續(xù)性的方法。[10]

 

5. Other farm technologies are more successful

5、其他的種植技術(shù)更為成功

 

Integrated Pest Management and other innovative low-input or organic methods of controlling pests and boosting yields have proven highly effective, particularly in the developing world.[11] Other plant breeding technologies, such as Marker Assisted Selection (non-GM genetic mapping), are widely expected to boost global agricultural productivity more effectively and safely than GM.[12] [13]

“病蟲(chóng)害綜合治理”以及控制病蟲(chóng)害提高產(chǎn)量的其他創(chuàng)新型低投入或者有機(jī)農(nóng)業(yè)方法被證實(shí)為高度有效，特別在發(fā)展中國(guó)家。[11] 其他的作物繁殖技術(shù)，例如 “標(biāo)記輔助選擇”（非轉(zhuǎn)基因基因遺傳學(xué)圖），被廣泛認(rèn)為能夠比轉(zhuǎn)基因更為有效與安全提高全球農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)率。[12] [13]

 

“The quiet revolution is happening in gene mapping, helping us understand crops better. That is up and running and could have a far greater impact on agriculture [than GM].” – Prof John Snape, head of the department of crop genetics, John Innes Centre[14]

約翰·因中心作物基因部負(fù)責(zé)人約翰·斯內(nèi)皮教授強(qiáng)調(diào)，“基因遺傳學(xué)圖中正在進(jìn)行一場(chǎng)無(wú)聲的革命，讓我們更好的理解作物。它已經(jīng)啟動(dòng)與運(yùn)行，對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)可能有（比轉(zhuǎn)基因）更強(qiáng)的影響?！盵14]

 

6. GM foods have not been shown to be safe to eat

6、轉(zhuǎn)基因食品未能夠表明食用安全

 

Genetic modification is a crude and imprecise way of incorporating foreign genetic material (e.g. from viruses, bacteria) into crops, with unpredictable consequences. The resulting GM foods have undergone little rigorous and no long-term safety testing, but animal feeding tests have shown worrying health effects.[15]

基因修改是將外源基因材料（如來(lái)自病毒、細(xì)菌）并入作物的一種粗糙的不準(zhǔn)確的方法，而且伴隨著不可預(yù)測(cè)的后果。最后形成的轉(zhuǎn)基因食品僅進(jìn)行過(guò)很少進(jìn)行縝密的試驗(yàn)，沒(méi)進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)期安全試驗(yàn)，但是已經(jīng)進(jìn)行的一些動(dòng)物喂食試驗(yàn)顯示出令人擔(dān)心的健康影響。[15]

 

Only one study has been published on the direct effects on humans of eating a GM food.[16] It found unexpected effects on gut bacteria, but was never followed up.

到目前為止，僅僅發(fā)表過(guò)人類食用一種轉(zhuǎn)基因食品直接影響的一項(xiàng)研究。[16] 該項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)腸道細(xì)菌發(fā)生了沒(méi)有預(yù)料的影響，但是該項(xiàng)試驗(yàn)從來(lái)沒(méi)有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。

 

It is claimed that Americans have eaten GM foods for years with no ill effects. But these foods are unlabeled in the US and no one has monitored the consequences. With other novel foods like trans fats, it has taken decades to realize that they have caused millions of premature deaths.[17]

有人宣稱美國(guó)人吃轉(zhuǎn)基因食品好多年但是沒(méi)有任何疾病影響。但是這些（轉(zhuǎn)基因）食品在美國(guó)沒(méi)有貼標(biāo)簽，因而也沒(méi)有人跟蹤監(jiān)測(cè)其后果。其他一些新穎的食品，例如反式脂肪，經(jīng)過(guò)了數(shù)十年人們才認(rèn)識(shí)到它們?cè)斐闪藬?shù)百萬(wàn)過(guò)早死亡。[17]

 

“We are confronted with the most powerful technology the world has ever known, and it is being rapidly deployed with almost no thought whatsoever to its consequences.” — Dr Suzanne Wuerthele, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) toxicologist

美國(guó)環(huán)境保護(hù)署（EPA）獨(dú)立學(xué)家蘇珊娜·烏爾瑟勒博士強(qiáng)調(diào)，“我們面臨世界至今為止最為強(qiáng)勢(shì)的技術(shù)，它在對(duì)它的后果幾乎沒(méi)有給予任何考慮的情況下迅速部署”。

 

7. Stealth GMOs in animal feed — without consumers’ consent

7、轉(zhuǎn)基因生物悄悄進(jìn)入動(dòng)物飼料 – 不取得消費(fèi)者絲毫同意

 

Meat, eggs and dairy products from animals raised on the millions of tons of GM feed imported into Europe do not have to be labelled. Some studies show that contrary to GM and food industry claims, animals raised on GM feed ARE different from those raised on non-GM feed.[18]  Other studies show that if GM crops are fed to animals, GM material can appear in the resulting products[19] and that the animals’ health can be affected.[20] So eating “stealth GMOs” may affect the health of consumers.

來(lái)自每年進(jìn)口進(jìn)入歐洲的數(shù)百萬(wàn)噸轉(zhuǎn)基因飼料喂食動(dòng)物的肉類、蛋與乳制品沒(méi)有貼標(biāo)簽。某些研究表明，與轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)業(yè)與轉(zhuǎn)基因食品產(chǎn)業(yè)宣稱的相反，用轉(zhuǎn)基因飼料喂養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物與非轉(zhuǎn)基因飼料喂養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物有區(qū)別。[18] 其他的研究表明，如果將轉(zhuǎn)基因作物喂食給動(dòng)物，在最終的轉(zhuǎn)基因食品中能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)基因材料 [19]，而且這些動(dòng)物的健康能夠受到影響。[20] 因此，使用“悄悄進(jìn)入的轉(zhuǎn)基因生物”食品可能對(duì)消費(fèi)者的健康有影響。

 

8. GM crops are a long-term economic disaster for farmers

8、轉(zhuǎn)基因作物對(duì)農(nóng)民造成了長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)濟(jì)災(zāi)難

 

A 2009 report showed that GM seed prices in America have increased dramatically, compared to non-GM and organic seeds, cutting average farm incomes for US farmers growing GM crops. The report concluded, “At the present time there is a massive disconnect between the sometimes lofty rhetoric from those championing biotechnology as the proven path toward global food security and what is actually happening on farms in the US that have grown dependent on GM seeds and are now dealing with the consequences.”[21]

2009年的一項(xiàng)研究表明，與非轉(zhuǎn)基因與有機(jī)作物種子相比，轉(zhuǎn)基因種子在美國(guó)的價(jià)格引人注目猛漲，減少了種植轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的美國(guó)農(nóng)民的平均農(nóng)場(chǎng)收入。該報(bào)告結(jié)論，“在目前，在倡導(dǎo)生物技術(shù)為全球糧食安全真正成熟道路的高談闊論與在美國(guó)變得越來(lái)越依賴于轉(zhuǎn)基因種子現(xiàn)在不得不應(yīng)付其后果之間，出現(xiàn)了巨大的脫節(jié)。”[21]

 

9. GM and non-GM cannot co-exist

9、轉(zhuǎn)基因作物與非轉(zhuǎn)基因作物無(wú)法共處

 

GM contamination of conventional and organic food is increasing.

對(duì)傳統(tǒng)與有機(jī)食物的轉(zhuǎn)基因污染正在擴(kuò)展。

 

An unapproved GM rice that was grown for only one year in field trials was found to have extensively contaminated the US rice supply and seed stocks.[22]

在美國(guó)，一種未獲得批準(zhǔn)的轉(zhuǎn)基因稻米在農(nóng)田試驗(yàn)中僅僅種植了一年，就已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)美國(guó)大米供應(yīng)與種子庫(kù)存造成了廣泛的污染。[22]

 

In Canada, the organic oilseed rape industry has been destroyed by contamination from GM rape.[23]

在加拿大，轉(zhuǎn)基因油菜導(dǎo)致的污染毀壞了該國(guó)的有機(jī)油菜業(yè)。[23]

 

In Spain, a study found that GM maize “has caused a drastic reduction in organic cultivations of this grain and is making their coexistence practically impossible”.[24]

在西班牙，一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米“對(duì)非轉(zhuǎn)基因的這種谷物造成了大幅度減產(chǎn)，使（轉(zhuǎn)基因作物與非轉(zhuǎn)基因作物之間的）共處實(shí)際上不可能?！盵24]

 

The time has come to choose between a GM-based, or a non-GM-based, world food supply.

現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候了，必須在基于轉(zhuǎn)基因作物為基礎(chǔ)的世界糧食供應(yīng)或基于非轉(zhuǎn)基因?yàn)榛A(chǔ)的世界糧食供應(yīng)之間，進(jìn)行選擇。

“If some people are allowed to choose to grow, sell and consume GM foods, soon nobody will be able to choose food, or a biosphere, free of GM. It’s a one way choice, like the introduction of rabbits or cane toads to Australia; once it’s made, it can’t be reversed.” – Roger Levett, specialist in sustainable development[25]

可持續(xù)發(fā)展專家羅杰·雷維特強(qiáng)調(diào)，“如果允許某些人選擇種植、銷售與消費(fèi)轉(zhuǎn)基因食品，用不了多久，任何人都無(wú)法在選擇非轉(zhuǎn)基因的食品或生物圈。這是一種單方向的選擇，就像把兔子或甘蔗蟾蜍引入澳大利亞那樣；一旦引入，就無(wú)法逆轉(zhuǎn)?！盵25]

 

10. We can’t trust GM companies

10、我們無(wú)法信任轉(zhuǎn)基因公司

 

The big biotech firms pushing their GM foods have a terrible history of toxic contamination and public deception.[26]

大力推動(dòng)他們轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的大規(guī)模生物技術(shù)公司擁有有毒污染和欺騙公眾的可怕歷史。[26]

 

GM is attractive to them because it gives them patents that allow monopoly control over the world’s food supply. They have taken to harassing and intimidating farmers for the “crime” of saving patented seed or “stealing” patented genes — even if those genes got into the farmer’s fields through accidental contamination by wind or insects.[27]

轉(zhuǎn)基因?qū)λ鼈冇形?，因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)基因使這些公司擁有專利，允許他們對(duì)世界糧食供應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)壟斷。他們因保留了專利的種子或“盜竊”專利基因?yàn)槊麑?duì)農(nóng)民進(jìn)行騷擾和威脅 – 即便某些基因由于風(fēng)或昆蟲(chóng)的傳播造成了意外的污染。[27]

 

“Farmers are being sued for having GMOs on their property that they did not buy, do not want, will not use and cannot sell.” – Tom Wiley, North Dakota farmer[28]

北達(dá)科塔的一位農(nóng)民托姆·威力抱怨，“有些農(nóng)民遭到起訴，因?yàn)樗麄儧](méi)有買(mǎi)，也不要，也不使用越不能賣(mài)的某些轉(zhuǎn)基因生物存在于他們的財(cái)產(chǎn)上?！盵28]

 

Link to References:

對(duì)參考文獻(xiàn)的鏈接：

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0100ni01.html

陳一文譯：人類不需要而且應(yīng)全面禁止轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的十個(gè)理由

全文鏈接：http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4bb17e9d0100ni08.html

 

References

參考文獻(xiàn)：

 

[1] A Note on Rising Food Prices. Donald Mitchell, World Bank report, 2008.

[1] 關(guān)于猛漲的食品價(jià)格。Donald Mitchell，世界銀行報(bào)告，2008。

http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-files/Environment/documents/2008/07/10/Biofuels.PDF

 

[2] Hope for Africa lies in political reforms. Daniel Howden, The Independent, 8 September 2008,

[2] 非洲的希望依賴與政治改革。Daniel Howden，獨(dú)立報(bào)，2008年9月8日。

http://www.independent.co.uk:80/opinion/commentators/daniel-howden-hope-for-africa-lies-in-political-reforms-922487.html

 

[3] GM: it’s safe, but it’s not a saviour. Rob Lyons, Spiked Online, 7 July 2008,

[3] 轉(zhuǎn)基因：它是安全的，但不是救世主。Rob Lyons，Spiked Online，2008年7月7日。

http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/5438/

 

[4] The adoption of bioengineered crops. Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo and William D. McBride, US Department of Agriculture Report, May 2002,

[4] 生物工程改造作物的采用。Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo and William D. McBride，美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)部報(bào)告，2002年5月。

http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aer810/aer810.pdf

 

[5] Glyphosate-resistant soyabean cultivar yields compared with sister lines. Elmore, R.W. et al., Agronomy Journal, Vol. 93, No. 2, 2001, pp. 408–412

[5] 耐草甘膦大豆種植產(chǎn)量與非轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆進(jìn)行比較。Elmore, R.W. et al.，農(nóng)藝學(xué)雜志，第93卷第2期，2001，pp. 408–412

 

[6] Failure to Yield: Evaluating the Performance of Genetically Engineered Crops. Doug Gurian-Sherman, Union of Concerned Scientists, 2009,

[6] 產(chǎn)量的失?。涸u(píng)價(jià)基因工程作物的表現(xiàn)。Doug Gurian-Sherman，有所擔(dān)心的科學(xué)家聯(lián)盟，2009。

http://tiny.cc/eqZST

 

[7] Genetic engineering — a crop of hyperbole. Doug Gurian-Sherman, The San Diego Union Tribune, 18 June 2008,

[7] 基因工程 – 夸張的作物。Doug Gurian-Sherman，圣地亞哥聯(lián)合論壇報(bào)，2008年6月18日。

http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20080618/news_lz1e18gurian.html

 

[8] Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use: The First Thirteen Years. Charles Benbrook, Ph.D., The Organic Center, November 2009,

[8] 基因工程的作物對(duì)農(nóng)藥使用的影響：頭13年。Charles Benbrook博士，有機(jī)中心，2009年11月。

http://www.organic-center.org/science.pest.php?action=view&report_id=159

 

[9] Family Farmers Warn of Dangers of Genetically Engineered Crops. Bill Christison, In Motion magazine, 29 July 1998,

[9] 家庭農(nóng)戶對(duì)基因工程作物的危險(xiǎn)提出警告。Bill Christison，在行動(dòng)雜志，1998年7月29日。

http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/genet1.html

[10] International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development: Global Summary for Decision Makers (IAASTD). Beintema, N. et al., 2008,

[10] 對(duì)為發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)知識(shí)、科學(xué)與技術(shù)的國(guó)際評(píng)估：供決策者的全球概述（IAASTD）。Beintema, N. et al.，2008。

http://www.agassessment.org/index.cfm?Page=IAASTD Reports&ItemID=2713

 

[11] International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development: Global Summary for Decision Makers (IAASTD). Beintema, N. et al., 2008,

[11] 對(duì)為發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)知識(shí)、科學(xué)與技術(shù)的國(guó)際評(píng)估：供決策者的全球概述（IAASTD）。Beintema, N. et al.，2008。

http://www.agassessment.org/index.cfm?Page=IAASTD Reports&ItemID=2713

 

[12] Marker-assisted selection: an approach for precision plant breeding in the twenty-first century. Collard, B.C.Y. and D.J. Mackill, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, Vol. 363, 2008, pp. 557-572, 2008

[12] 表及輔助選擇：21世紀(jì)中精確作物繁殖的一種途徑。Collard, B.C.Y. and D.J. Mackill，Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B，第363卷，2008，pp. 557-572，2008。

 

[13] Breeding for abiotic stresses for sustainable agriculture. Witcombe J.R. et al., Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 2008, Vol. 363, pp. 703-716

[13] 可持續(xù)性農(nóng)業(yè)為非生物壓力的繁殖。Witcombe J.R. et al. ，Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B，2008，第363卷，pp. 703-716

 

[14] Gene mapping the friendly face of GM technology. Professor John Snape, Farmers Weekly, 1 March 2002, p. 54

[14] 對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)友好的面貌的基因作圖。Professor John Snape，農(nóng)民周報(bào)，2002年3月1日，pp.54

 

[15] Here is a small selection of such papers:

[15] 一組論文：

 

Fine structural analysis of pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on GM soybean. Malatesta, M. et al., Eur. J. Histochem., Vol. 47, 2003, pp. 385–388;

喂食轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆小鼠的胰腺細(xì)胞核的精細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)分析。Malatesta, M. et al.，歐洲組織化學(xué)雜志，第47卷2003，pp. 385–388

Ultrastructural morphometrical and immunocytochemical analyses of hepatocyte nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Malatesta, M. et al., Cell Struct Funct., Vol. 27, 2002, pp. 173-180;

喂食轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆小鼠的肝細(xì)胞核的超微結(jié)構(gòu)形態(tài)計(jì)量學(xué)與免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué)分析，Malatesta, M. et al.，細(xì)胞結(jié)構(gòu)功能雜志，第27卷，2002，pp. 173-180

 

Ultrastructural analysis of testes from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Vecchio L. et al., Eur. J. Histochem., Vol. 48, pp. 448-454, 2004;

喂食轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆小鼠睪丸的超微結(jié)構(gòu)分析，Vecchio L. et al.，歐洲組織化學(xué)雜志，第48卷，pp. 448-454, 2004

 

A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean: effects on liver ageing. Malatesta M. et al., Histochem Cell Biol., Vol. 130, 2008, pp. 967-977;

喂食轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆雌性小鼠的長(zhǎng)期研究：對(duì)肝臟老化的影響。Malatesta M. et al.，組織化學(xué)細(xì)胞生物雜志，第130卷，2008，pp. 967-977

 

Effects of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. Ewen S.W. and A. Pusztai, The Lancet, Vol. 354, 1999, pp. 1353–1354;

含有轉(zhuǎn)基因土豆喂食對(duì)老鼠小腸雪花蓮凝集素表達(dá)，Ewen S.W. and A. Pusztai，柳葉刀雜志，第354卷，1999，pp. 1353–1354

 

New Analysis of a Rat Feeding Study with a Genetically Modified Maize Reveals Signs of Hepatorenal Toxicity. Séralini, G.-E. et al., Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., Vol. 52, 2007, pp. 596-602.

用轉(zhuǎn)基因玉米進(jìn)行的老師喂食研究新的分析揭示肝腎中毒癥狀，Séralini, G.-E. et al.，Arch環(huán)境污染毒理學(xué)雜志，第52卷，2007，pp. 596-602

 

[16] Assessing the survival of transgenic plant DNA in the human gastrointestinal tract. Netherwood T. et al., Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 22, 2004, pp. 204–209.

[16] 對(duì)人類胃腸道中轉(zhuǎn)基因作物基因存活的評(píng)估，Netherwood T. et al.，自然生物技術(shù)，第22卷，2004，pp. 204–209

 

[17] Trans Fats: The story behind the label. Paula Hartman Cohen, Harvard Public Health Review, 2006,

[17] 反式脂肪：標(biāo)簽后邊的故事。Paula Hartman Cohen，哈佛公共衛(wèi)生回顧，2006

http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/review/rvw_spring06/rvwspr06_transfats.html

 

[18] Report on animals exposed to GM ingredients in animal feed. Professor Jack A. Heinemann, PhD. Prepared for the Commerce Commission of New Zealand, 24 July 2009,

[18] 對(duì)暴露于動(dòng)物飼料中轉(zhuǎn)基因配料的動(dòng)物的報(bào)告。Professor Jack A. Heinemann, PhD.，為新西蘭商業(yè)委員會(huì)準(zhǔn)備的報(bào)告，2009年7月24日

http://bit.ly/4HcJuJ

 

[19] Here is a small selection of such papers:

[19] 一組論文：

 

Detection of Transgenic and Endogenous Plant DNA in Digesta and Tissues of Sheep and Pigs Fed Roundup Ready Canola Meal. Sharma, R. et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 54, No. 5, 2006, pp. 1699–1709;

在喂食耐草甘膦轉(zhuǎn)基因加拿大油菜飼料的羊與豬的消化物與組織中檢測(cè)到轉(zhuǎn)基因與內(nèi)生作物基因，Sharma, R. et al.，農(nóng)業(yè)食品化學(xué)雜志，第54卷第5期，2006，pp. 1699–1709

 

Assessing the transfer of genetically modified DNA from feed to animal tissues. Mazza, R. et al., Transgenic Res., Vol. 14, No. 5, 2005, pp. 775–784;

對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因基因從飼料到動(dòng)物組織遷移的評(píng)估，Mazza, R. et al.，轉(zhuǎn)基因結(jié)果，第14卷第5期，2005，pp. 775–784

 

Detection of genetically modified DNA sequences in milk from the Italian market. Agodi, A., et al., Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, Vol. 209, 2006, pp. 81–88

在意大利市場(chǎng)上獲得的牛奶中檢測(cè)到轉(zhuǎn)基因基因，Agodi, A., et al.，衛(wèi)生環(huán)境健康雜志，第209卷，2006，pp. 81–88

 

[20] Report on animals exposed to GM ingredients in animal feed. Professor Jack A. Heinemann, PhD. Prepared for the Commerce Commission of New Zealand, 24 July 2009,

[20] 對(duì)暴露于動(dòng)物飼料轉(zhuǎn)基因配料的動(dòng)物的報(bào)告，Professor Jack A. Heinemann, PhD.，為新西蘭商業(yè)委員會(huì)準(zhǔn)備的報(bào)告，2009年7月24日

http://bit.ly/4HcJuJ

 

[21] The Magnitude and Impacts of the Biotech and Organic Seed Price Premium. Dr Charles Benbrook, The Organic Center, December 2009,

[21] 生物技術(shù)與有機(jī)種子價(jià)格利潤(rùn)的大小與影響。Dr Charles Benbrook，有機(jī)中心，2009年12月。

http://www.organic-center.org/reportfiles/Seeds_Final_11-30-09.pdf

 

[22] Risky business: Economic and regulatory impacts from the unintended release of genetically engineered rice varieties into the rice merchandising system of the US. Blue, Dr E. Neal, report for Greenpeace, 2007,

[22] 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)：未打算釋放出的轉(zhuǎn)基因稻米品種進(jìn)入美國(guó)大米商品系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)與法規(guī)影響。Blue, Dr E. Neal，為綠色和平組織準(zhǔn)備的報(bào)告，2007

http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/risky-business.pdf

 

[23] Seeds of doubt: North American farmers’ experience of GM crops. Soil Association, 2002,

[23] 有疑問(wèn)的種子：北美農(nóng)民對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)基因作物的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。土壤協(xié)會(huì)，2002

http://www.soilassociation.org/seedsofdoubt

 

[24] Coexistence of plants and coexistence of farmers: Is an individual choice possible? Binimelis, R., Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Vol. 21, No. 2, April 2008

[24] 植物的共處與農(nóng)民的共處：個(gè)人進(jìn)行選擇是否可能？Binimelis, R.，農(nóng)業(yè)與環(huán)境道德規(guī)范雜志，第21卷第2期，2008年4月

 

[25] Choice: Less can be more. Roger Levett, Food Ethics magazine, Vol. 3, No. 3, Autumn 2008, p. 11,

[25] 選擇：更少能夠更多。Roger Levett，食品道德規(guī)范雜志，第3卷第3期，2008年秋天，pp.11

http://www.foodethicscouncil.org/node/384

 

[26] See, for example, Marie-Monique Robin’s documentary film, Le Monde Selon Monsanto (The World According to Monsanto), ARTE, 2008; and the website of the NGO, Coalition Against Bayer-Dangers,

[26] 參看，例如，Marie-Monique Robin的新聞?dòng)涗浧?，Le Monde Selon Monsanto（依據(jù)孟山都的世界），ARTE，2008；以及“反對(duì)拜耳公司—危險(xiǎn)聯(lián)盟”非政府組織的網(wǎng)站：

www.cbgnetwork.org

 

[27] GM company Monsanto has launched many such lawsuits against farmers. A famous example is the case of the Canadian farmer Percy Schmeiser. Just one article on this case is “GM firm sues Canadian farmer”, BBC News Online, 6 June 2000,

[27] 轉(zhuǎn)基因公司孟山都對(duì)許多農(nóng)民提出訴訟。非常有名的案例為對(duì)加拿大農(nóng)民Percy Schmeiser的訴訟。對(duì)該案例只有一篇文章“轉(zhuǎn)基因公司起訴加拿大農(nóng)民”，英國(guó)BBC在線新聞，2000年6月6日

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/779265.stm

 

[28] Monsanto ”Seed Police” Scrutinize Farmers. Stephen Leahy, InterPress Service, 15 January 2004,

[28] 孟山都“種子警察”仔細(xì)審查農(nóng)民。Stephen Leahy，InterPress Service，2004年1月15日

http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0115-04.htm